Graphite Anode and Cathode

For years, graphite has been used as an electrode in battery technologies. Its high redox energy, which lies above the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), provides stability. However, its relatively low capacity and flammable gas generation are disadvantages. To overcome these problems, researchers have applied alternative materials and alloyed materials to improve the performance of the anode.

Dual-ion batteries with graphite anodes are promising because they offer a high capacity, good safety, and lower cost. These types of batteries are also gaining interest as an alternative to lithium ion batteries.

The anode can be prepared by heating a mixture of carbonaceous fillers and carbon-yielding binders. After baking at 1,000 degC, the particles are cooled to 250 degC, and the anode is then placed in an electric graphite furnace. A current collector may be added to increase the anode contact area.

Graphite anodes and cathodes have been used as electrodes for storage tanks and underground pipelines. Electrochemical reduction of refractory metal oxides often requires the cell voltage to be 3.0 Vor higher. This produces a large potential gap between anion and cation intercalation, which delivers a high midpoint device voltage.

A dual-ion battery using a graphite anode as the cathode is known as a 4.0 V aqueous dual-ion battery. A 4.0 V aqueous dual-ion cell may also be called an aqueous graphite||graphite cell.

Anode material is sensitive to water penetration, which can lead to premature failure of the metallic lead wires in the anode's connector. Water penetrating into the pores of the graphite anode can cause damage to electronic equipment. In addition, corrosive oxidation of the graphite anode is often a problem.

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